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Sigmund Freuds Method and Theory of Dream Analysis Essay

I wrote this paper to get a better understanding of Sigmund Freud’s method and theory of dream analysis. The purpose of the paper will be to show the principals of Freud’s dream related theory that focuses on the physiology, interpretation, and psychology of dreams and to explain concepts such as latent and manifest content of dreams, the part of unconscious process, and the nature of dreams role in the determination of dream content. I would like to explore Sigmund Freud’s explanations of psycho-analytic and psychological theory and method to reveal whether Freud’s continuous revising to sexually based conclusions are able to support his own arguments. One of his themes was the amount of activity that goes on in our brains without us even†¦show more content†¦There are numerous theories regarding the function of our dreams, they are mainly based on speculation more than research. This enchanted place of consciousness is what got me interested abo ut dreams. Dreams are based on the individual in that we usually dream of ourselves. I feel that greater understanding of our dreams will have a major influence for individuals to understand themselves better. Why people dream, what they dream of, and what is the meaning of their dreams, are topics of interests with many types of researchers, artists, and some clinical practitioners. Freud believed our dreams gave insight to our deep desires of love, money, and acceptance or any yearning of the individual. The point of view of which Freud interprets and examines the manifest of dreams content to obtain their latent meaning is of a professional psychologist and clinical observer who looked for a way to explain how our minds work and how the individual psychology functions. He based his work on clinical experiences and clinical neurosis of the matter of his own interpretations to be able to confirm his theories as a proven fact. The result Freud gets from the patients he observes and interpretation of their dreams are stereotyped to the complete human condition. Our dreams are objects of endless enchantment and mystery for mankind as far back as the beginning of time. The nocturnalShow MoreRelatedEssay on What is useful in Freuds theory of dreams?1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind  ».1 While Freud already used hypnosis and free association with his patients, he soon felt the need to include the interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis as well. Freud decided he would developped his theory of dreams to go further in his analysis. According to Freud, dreams allow unconscious desires, fears or emotions to express themselves in a disguised way. 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This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situationRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreThe Founder Of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud Was A Physiologist,1456 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud was a physiologist, and medical doctor and a psychologist. During the span of his research in psychotherapy he was criticized by many who claimed his research was not science. Although it has been decades and Freud’s work has filled many of today’s psychology textbooks, there are contemporary critics who still question the legitimacy of Freud’s scientific work. Sigmund Freud’s achievements unlocked the unconscious and developed modern psychotherapy. Freud’s childhood wasRead MoreSimund Freud and The Treatment of Neurosis and Psychosis1001 Words   |  5 Pagesmedicine. Sigmund Freud is known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. His ideas became building the blocks of psychology. He provided many insights on the human mind, and thoughts on how to treat issues in it. It’s kind of hard to believe, seeing that he was probably out his mind half the time. He has helped guide the way for the ideas of psychology today. Sigmund got old along with his ideas. He died, but is his ideas still alive? In this paper, I will research the ideas and methods of Sigmund FreudRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud714 Words   |  3 PagesSigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is recognized as one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant. He invented new techniques and for understanding human behavior, his efforts resulted in one of the most comprehensive theories of psychology developed. Freud was born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia (what is now Czechoslovakia)

Learning from Brad free essay sample

What do you do when you are at the supermarket doing your weekly shopping and you encounter someone with special needs? Do you stare at them uncomfortably, turn around and walk the other way, or talk to them? I used to do everything in my power to avoid eye contact, afraid that I might upset them or hurt their feelings. My fear, as with many people, came from lack of education about developmental disabilities. My hands-on education began with Brad. At the age of thirteen, I started volunteering at Camp Sunshine, a recreational camp for children and adults with special needs. Brad, a fifteen year-old boy with a form of muscular dystrophy, was the camper I was assigned to that first summer. His disability affected his muscle tone, so he had a slight limp and was very small for his age. What he lacked in size he made up for in imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning from Brad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each day, he would put on a production of the Wizard of Oz, complete with morning casting sessions, lunchtime intermission, and end of the day bows. Despite having a disability, he was one of the happiest people I had ever met. I thoroughly enjoyed that first summer at Camp Sunshine, and I wished it would never end. Imagine my surprise and excitement when I walked into the lunch room on the first day of high school and saw Brad sitting at a table eating his customary peanut butter and ketchup sandwich. Brad was a member of the self-contained Transitions class in which I was a classroom assistant during my free period. When I was helping in the class I would work one-on-one with him to help him with his assignments. We would work on reading, writing, and grammar skills. The best part about assisting him in school was the smile and unique compliment he would give me each day. When I walked in, I would hear, â€Å"You look very beautiful today Danielle,† or â€Å"You are such a nice girl, Danielle.† Those compliments were simple and easy to say, but meant more to me than Brad will ever know. My experiences with Brad provided me with a newfound appreciation and respect for people with disabilities and led me to choose to pursue a career in Occupational Therapy. I eagerly and enthusiastically look forward to one day being able to help individuals like Brad overcome the physical limitations that they deal with on a daily basis. My goal is to provide therapy that will encourage and support these individuals as they gain independence and learn to accomplish tasks that would otherwise be beyond their capabilities. Camp Sunshine has uniquely qualified me for this profession by enhancing my patience, understanding and compassion for others. I have learned that there is nothing to be scared of and no reason to judge because people with disabilities are some of the most lovable, intelligent, and big-hearted individuals one will ever meet.

Explain why there was no clear succession to Lenin in 1924. free essay sample

Explain why at the time of Lenin’s death there was no obvious successor to lead the USSR? (12) Although Lenin’s death was relatively expected, there was still a lot of confusion over who would succeed him to lead the USSR. There are a number of reasons to why this occurred but there are still disputes about who Lenin wanted to succeed him and why he didn’t leave someone who he thought would be best for the job in charge of his beloved USSR. Despite Lenin having preferences, nobody was aware of these preferences due to his testament not being publically shown – nevertheless, Lenin’s testament left no clear indication of whom he wanted to take over his reign. In his testament he clearly insinuates that none of the men leading the chase were capable of his role as they all leading Communists showed weaknesses. For example, Lenin knew Trotsky was an obvious contender for power once he died, however Lenin also understood that Trotsky had personal downfalls and he had no real and secure fan-base. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain why there was no clear succession to Lenin in 1924. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was clear to Lenin that Trotsky was good at organisation due to the Red Armies triumph during the civil war, however Lenin questioned Trotsky’s ability to rule and lead the USSR. The fact that Lenin’s Testament was never shown was very lucky to one contender, Stalin, as in that Testament, it stated how Lenin did not want Stalin to succeed him due to reasons such as, Stalin arguing and disrespecting Lenin’s wife. The Testament not being publicised was a huge factor as to why there was no obvious successor to lead the USSR at the time of Lenin’s death as if it was shown, candidates such as Stalin would have been knocked of their stage and would no longer be a rival for power; thus making less contenders, consequently and easier and shorter struggle to find Lenin’s successor. In the USSR at the time of Lenin’s death there was no voting system for power. Although the Communists were the party destined to lead the USSR and there was no dangerous rival for their authority, the fact that there was no voting system, left a dent in works as by having rivals for power within the same party would cause huge divisions between the left-, centre and right-wing of the Communist party. To conclude, another consisting factor as to why there was no obvious successor to Lenin was the fact that there was no voting system within the USSR, as by having one, the people would have been able to vote for their preferred leader, instead of a battle between leading Communists such as Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. Lenin had a huge ego. Some argue that his  self-confidence was the main factor as to why there was no clear successor to him; Lenin viewed himself as practically flawless, and during his reign, his possible successors did not help themselves, as they all showed weaknesses. Trotsky showed Lenin how he was a powerful leader when it came to the Red Army, but showed weakness in his political power, although he was a very smart man, Trotsky made no attempt to build a power base. Lenin witnessed Stalin have high and lows throughout, but ultimately decided to g against Stalin in his Testament, which, if published would have ruined Stalin’s political career. All other rivals for power also showed weakness which led to there being no clear successor, due to Lenin believing that no contender could complete the correct Marxist theory as he could, and could solve Russia’s problems. Lenin was a dictator, not a King, he didn’t rule the nation by birthmark or descent, he worked hard to get where he was. Due to the fact that no one could easily succeed him like they could from a royal family – the leading Bolsheviks had to choose the candidate they saw fit for the job, and seeing as Lenin didn’t leave his preferred successor, the Bolsheviks were left to decide. There was no obvious successor to Lenin at the time of his death because, firstly, Lenin did not feel that any of the leading contenders were capable enough of taken control of the USSR, this was evident in his Testament, although that did state that he did not want Stalin to take of succeed him. Secondly, there was no voting system, which meant that there was no outright leading candidate through which the people of the USSR chose. Thirdly because all rivals for power had weaknesses so Lenin could not choose, despite his Testament having no clear indication to whom he wanted to take over, the fact that it was no published helped other candidates such as Stalin, so if it was published, it may have helped distinguish a leading contender for leadership of the USSR.a

A Biography of Notorious Auschwitz Doctor Josef Mengele

A Biography of Notorious Auschwitz Doctor Josef Mengele Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911 - February 7, 1979) was a Nazi SS doctor who experimented on twins, dwarves, and others at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp during the Holocaust. Although Mengele looked kind and handsome, his heinous, pseudoscientific medical experiments, often performed on young children, has placed Mengele as one of the most villainous and notorious Nazis. At the end of World War II, Mengele escaped capture and is believed to have died in Brazil 34 years later. Early Life Born March 16, 1911, in Gà ¼nzburg, GermanyParents were Karl (1881-1959) and Walburga (d. 1946), MengeleTwo younger brothers: Karl (1912-1949) and Alois (1914-1974)Nickname was Beppo1926 diagnosed with osteomyelitis Education and Beginning of WWII 1930 graduated from the GymnasiumMarch 1931 joined the Steel Helmuts (Stahlhelm)January 1934 SA absorbed StahlhelmOctober 1934 left SA because of kidney trouble1935 awarded Ph.D. from the University of MunichJanuary 1, 1937, appointed a research assistant at the Third Reich Institute for Heredity, Biology, and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfurt; worked with Professor Otmar Freiherr von VershuerMay 1937 joined the NSDAP (member #5574974)May 1938 admitted to the SSJuly 1938 awarded medical degree by University of FrankfurtOctober 1938 began basic training with the Wehrmacht (lasted three months)July 1939 married Irene SchoenbeinJune 1940 joined the medical corps (Sanittsinspektion) of the Waffen SSAugust 1940 appointed an Untersturmfà ¼hrerAttached to Genealogical Section of the Race and Resettlement Office in occupied PolandJune 1941, sent to Ukraine as part of the Waffen SS; received the Iron Cross, Second ClassJanuary 1942 joined the Waffen SSs Viking Division medical cor ps; earned the Iron Cross, First Class by pulling two soldiers out of a burning tank while under enemy fire; also awarded the Black Badge for the Wounded and the Medal for the Care of the German People; wounded End of 1942 reposted to the Race and Resettlement Office, this time in its headquarters in Berlinappointed to Haupsturmfà ¼hrer (captain) Auschwitz May 30, 1943, arrived at AuschwitzConducted medical experiments on  twins, dwarfs, giants, and many othersSeemingly constant presence and participation in the selections at the rampResponsible for selections in the womens campcalled Angele of DeathMarch 11, 1944, his son, Rolf, was bornSometime middle of January 1945, he fled Auschwitz On the Run Arrived at Gross-Rosen camp; then left before Russians liberated it on February 11, 1945Spotted at MauthausenCaptured as a prisoner of war and held in a POW camp near MunichReceived papers from fellow prisoner, Dr. Fritz Ulmann; for vanity reasons had not gotten blood type tattooed beneath arm, American Army did not realize he was a member of the SS and released himAliases include: Fritz Ullmann, Fritz Hollmann, Helmut Gregor, G. Helmuth, Jose Mengele, Ludwig Gregor, Wolfgang GerhardRemained on George Fischers farm for three years1949 escaped to Argentina1954 his father came to visit him1954 divorced from Irene1956 had his name officially changed to Josef Mengele1958 married his brother, Karls, widow - Martha MengeleJune 7, 1959, West Germany issued its first arrest warrant for Mengele1959 moved to Paraguay1964 the Universities of Frankfurt and Munich withdrew his academic degreesAssumed that his remains were buried in Embu, Brazil in a grave marked Wolfgang GerhardBelieved to have d ied on February 7, 1979, on the beach at Bertioga in Embu, Brazil while suffering a stroke while swimming in the ocean. February 1985 a public trial, in absentia, was held at Yad VashemIn June 1985, the body in the grave was exhumed for forensic identification.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Essay Example

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Essay Example Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Paper Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Paper The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on the rate that enzymes work. The purpose was to determine whether increasing the temp made the enzymes more active, and if so, at what temperature does the activity start to decline. The experiment consisted of thirty test tubes, with 5 test tubes at each temperature. The temperatures used were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius. For each temperature there were four test tubes with a sucrose substrate, a buffer, and an enzyme, and one test tube with just sucrose substrate, a buffer, and distilled water. After the liquids were mixed and left for exactly twenty minutes, DNS was added to each test tube and then each tube was boiled for 10 minutes, and finally the test tubes were removed from any heat and distilled water was added. Finally the blank test was placed in the photo spectrometer, and the results were compared the other four test tubes to determine the absorption rate for each temp. Compared with the best fit line for the given data, the average absorption was plotted and then calculated to determine the micro-moles of sucrose at each temp, and from there the rate of micro-moles of sucrose per minute. The results were that at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius the average absorbance was .2895, .6880, .9100, 1.515, 1.670, and 1.345 respectively. This shows that from 10 to 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity increased, however at some point above 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity decreased. This implies that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius and less active either below or above those temperatures. The data provides grounds for a conclusion that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius, and less active on either end, with the activity declining sharply toward either extreme. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, specifically Invertase. Invertase is an enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of Sucrose into Fructose and Glucose. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that are used to speed up reactions. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to complete a reaction in four ways: by bringing the substrates close together, orientating the substrates correctly, promoting acid-base reactions, and excluding water from the reactive environment. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, the necessary components of the reaction must first interact with each other. In most cases, this interaction is orientation specific: one collision between 2 molecules will allow the reaction to proceed while another collision of different molecules will not. The active site of an enzyme not only provides a specific environment for substrates to interact, but correctly orients the substrates involved, allowing the reaction to proceed. Acid-base reactions are a major component of many chemical reactions. Enzymes promote acid-base reactions by bringing proton-accepting and proton-donating R groups of amino acids in close proximity to substrates. Another way enzymes lower the activation energy is by shutting out H20. Enzymes bind substrates so tightly in their active site that some or all of the water molecules in solution are shut out. The absence of water molecules greatly lowers the activation energy for reactions that require a non-polar environment or reactions that occur between hydrophobic substrates. While enzymes do lower the activation energy of reactions, the rate at which they do this depends on many factors. Temperature is one of the factors that determines at what rate enzymes will catalyze reactions. All enzymes have a temperature range at which they catalyze the most reactions. Also at either end of the temperature spectrum, enzymes will cease to work. Enzymes are held together by a combination of Hydrogen Bonds, Hydrophobic interactions, and Vander wall interactions. These weak, non-covalent interactions can only hold enzymes together under very specific environmental conditions (temperature, PH, salt concentration). As any or all of these conditions become too harsh, the non-covalent bonds which hold the enzyme together are no longer able to do so. At the coldest temperatures, enzymes will not work because the particles in a specific solution would not move, and therefore the enzymes will not come in contact with any substrates with which to react. At the hottest temperatures the weak non-covalent bonds are not strong enough to hold the high energy components of the enzyme together. This experiment, while important is in no way groundbreaking. The data collected will not surprise anybody, but it will help to reinforce the conclusion that temperature effects enzyme activity in the way that at extremes of temperature enzymes will not work, and somewhere in between the lack of activity will be the ideal temp for each specific enzyme. Also this experiment will help the class learn firsthand how temperature, and all the other factors that effect enzyme activity, actually do. Each section of the experiment had a specific purpose, to aid in the formulation of a conclusion. The goal was to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. To test this, 5 test tubes were heated at temperatures at 10 degree intervals between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius, four with all the solutions present, and one constant with everything except the enzyme. The purpose of the control was to determine the color change (absorption rate) of the sucrose solution compared to a test tube without any enzyme. In case there was a change in color even without the enzyme, the control would determine how much change was due to enzyme activity, and how much was unrelated. After the heating at each specific temp for 20 minutes, DNS was added. The purpose of DNS was to stop the reaction and provide data for how much enzyme activity took place. The DNS reacted with the glucose, and the solution with DNS would change color depending on how much sucrose was separated into glucose and fructose. The more enzyme activity the darker the color, and the darker the color the more light would be absorbed by the test tube while in the spectrophotometer. Without the DNS one would not be able to tell with such accuracy just how active the enzyme Invertase was. The test tubes were placed in boiling water when the DNS was added to speed up the particles and to make sure everything that could react, did. Methods and Materials Initially, fairly large beakers containing tap water were heated to temperatures between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius at 10 degree intervals. When the water in these beakers reached the desired temperature, using whatever method necessary, the water was manipulated to stay at the temperature for as long as necessary, at least 30 minutes. After the desired temp was reached, 5 test tubes for each temperature were prepared, and each test set of test tubes was numbered 1-4, and B. All 5 test tubes were initially filled with .5ML of the sucrose substrate, and .5ML of the buffer. After that four of the test tubes had .5ML Invertase added, while the other had .5ML of distilled water added. Once all the necessary solutions had been added, the set of 5 test tubes, (one control and four with enzyme) for each temperature level were added to the temperature specific bath. The test tubes were placed in the bath in such a way that the test tubes would rest inside the beaker, with the heated or cooled water effecting the temperature inside the beaker. However there would be no contact between the heated water and the solutions inside the test tube. For the next 20 minutes each set of 5 test tubes was kept inside each temperature specific beaker, with the necessary adjustments being made to assure steadiness of temperature. When 20 minutes was up, each set of 5 test tubes was removed, and separated to avoid confusion of data. After the beakers were taken out, 1ML of DNS was added to each test tube in each temperature, then the tubes were covered with aluminum foil, and finally all the test tubes were placed in a beaker with boiling water for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes all the test tubes were removed from the boiling water bath. Next .5ML of distilled water was added to each beaker, then aluminum foil was placed over the top, and finally each test tube was cooled under cold water. After all the test tubes were cooled, each set of 5 was separated and prepared for the spectrophotometer. For each temperature level the following description is the same. The OD was set to 540 nm, and then the temperature blank was used to then set the transmission percentage. Then the four test tubes that contained the enzyme were placed in the Spectrophotometer and their values were compared with the blank test tube. The transmission for each of the four variable tubes was averaged to obtain an average for each temperature value. Finally a graph was made using the given data. The data obtained in the experiment was then compared with the best fit line of the graph of the given data, and the rate of enzyme activity for each temperature was calculated. Using the calculated data, a new graph was made with temperature and rate and the X and Y axis, to show visually the effect of temperature of enzyme activity. Used in this experiment were 6 large beakers, for the heating and cooling of the temperature baths. Also used were a few small beakers to hold the sucrose solution, the buffer, and the Invertase. To hold the 4 variable solutions and the one control for each temp value, 30 regular test tubes were used. To heat the large beakers two electrically powered burners were employed. To write on the test tubes the groups used wax pencils, and finally to accurately measure amounts of each solution syringes were used.

Describe functionalism and critiqued it with Feminism inrelation to Essay

Describe functionalism and critiqued it with Feminism inrelation to family - Essay Example It is this approach towards interpreting the society that it was criticized by Marxists and later on by Feminists to the extent that by the1970s, it became antique. This paper will describe Functionalism and offer a Feminist critique especially its approach towards the role of the family. An attempt will also be made to relate social work to functionalism. When Europe was going through a period of tumult in the nineteenth century basically in the event of the emerging industrial society which brought with it social issues like poverty, poor working conditions, high crime rate and most importantly heightened political awareness which posed a threat to the social fabric woven around essentially Christian moral values, there emerged a need to safeguard the society. But as argued by Davis (1959), â€Å"†¦historically, the rise of functionalism represented a revolt against reductionist theories, anti-theoretical empiricism and moralistic or ideological views under the name of sociology or social anthropology.† The French Revolution preceded by renaissance challenged the status quo of the erstwhile industrialised Europe thus questioning the role of the ruling classes. Radical ideas like equality, individual rights, free will and contentment stimulated the revolution which also changed the social consciousness. These conditions w ere naturally a matter of concern for the rulers and the conservative intelligentsia, and in order to counter the growing radicalism they came up with a new social paradigm based on the theory that every institution in the society had a function, that all social structures and processes strove to maintain a social order and had a tendency to integrate the society which was essentially to be studied as an integral whole. Proponents of Functionalism further propounded that all societies had functional